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Perintah dasar Linux Suse Part-1

ls

Perintah ini sama seperti dir pada MS-DOS yaitu untuk menampilkan isi folder.

clear

Perintah ini sama seperti cls pada MS-DOS yaitu untuk membersihkan layar.

cd

Perintah ini tidak berbeda dengan perintah di MS-DOS yaitu untuk berpindah ke direktori lain dalam sistem. Satu hal yang berbeda adalah penggunaan backslash ( \ ) pada MS-DOS harus diganti dengan slash ( / ) pada Linux.

Contohnya adalah :
cd windows\system <– (windows)
cd /home/com3l <– (linux)

cp

Perintah ini sama seperti perintah copy pada MS-DOS. Yaitu untuk menyalin file dari satu tempat ke tempat lain.

rm

Perintah ini sama seperti perintah del pada MS-DOS. Yaitu untuk menghapus sebuah atau beberapa buah file sekaligus.

rmdir

Perintah ini sama seperti perintah deltree pada MS-DOS. Yaitu untuk menghapus direktori kosong.

mv

Perintah ini sama seperti perintah move pada MS-DOS. Yaitu untuk memindahkan sebuah file dari satu tempat ke tempat lain.

mkdir

Perintah ini tidak berbeda dengan perintah mkdir pada MS-DOS. Yaitu untuk membuat direktori.
Pada lingkungan linux ada beberapa perintah yang sering digunakan juga, namun tidak ada pada lingkungan MS-DOS.

su

Perintah ini adalah perintah untuk berganti user menjadi Super User, yaitu user level Admin pada sistem Linux. Anda akan sering menggunakan perintah ini ketika ingin menginstall suatu program di linux dengan command line atau sekedar melakukan setting konfigurasi.

mount

Perintah yang satu ini pasti sangat asing bagi pengguna MS-DOS. Pada lingkungan MS-DOS dan Windows, sebuah drive/partisi dikenali dengan drive letter [Misalkan drive A untuk disket, drive C untuk Harddisk 1, drive D untuk cdrom, dan seterusnya] , namun pada lingkungan Linux, sebuah drive dikenali sebagai sebuah file. Misalkan saja Hardisk 1 partisi 1 dikenali sebagai file pada direktori /dev/hda1 .
Lalu untuk mengakses drive tersebut, kita perlu melakukan mounting point file /dev/hda1 tersebut pada sebuah direktori yang telah kita buat.

Contoh  :
mount -t vfat -rw /dev/hda1 /mnt/windows
Berikut penjelasan perintah tersebut :
-t vfat berarti partisi yang ingin anda akses memiliki filesystem Fat32
-rw anda memperbolehkan super user untuk melakukan read/write data pada user terebut.
/dev/hda1 adalah letak drive dan partisi anda.
/mnt/windows adalah direktori yang anda buat sebagai mounting point.

umount

Perintah ini berguna untuk menonaktifkan partisi dan drive yang terpasang pada sistem. Apabila drive dan partisi /dev/hda1 telah dalam kondisi mount pada direktori /mnt/windows, maka untuk menonaktifkannya cukup ketik perintah berikut :
umount /mnt/windows

Perintah lainnya yang akan sering anda gunakan, terutama saat ingin menginstall program via command prompt di Linux adalah :

tar -xvzf namafile.tar.gz

Perintah ini akan berguna untuk mengektrak file dengan ekstensi tar.gz pada sebuah folder. Program-program linux banyak yang dipaket dan dikompress menggunakan paket kompresi tar.gz.

rpm -ivh namafile.rpm

Perintah ini berguna untuk menginstall program yang dipaket dalam file berekstensi .rpm. RPM adalah paket kompresi dari Redhat yang memudahkan dalam instalasi program.

Untuk meng-uninstall program dapat menggunakan perintah berikut :

rpm -e namaprogram-versiprogram

Perintah lainnya yang mungkin sering digunakan adalah :

[untuk restart]
shutdown -r now
[untuk shutdown]
shutdown -h now

Tidak usah takut untuk melakukan eksperimen, bermain, dan mencoba sendiri.

$ help

Dapatkan bantuan dengan mengetikkan pada prompt ( $ untuk prompt standar (user biasa), # untuk prompt root ) ini akan menampilkan informasi tentang bash.

$ man command
$ apropos command
$ whatis command
dan tekan ‘q’ untuk keluar.

mendapatkan info tentang perintah tertentu
linux-unix-command-mount

Linux / Unix Command: mount

NAME

mount – mount a file system

SYNOPSIS

mount [-lhV]

mount -a [-fFnrsvw] [-t vfstype] [-O optlist]
mount [-fnrsvw] [-o options [,…]] device | dir
mount [-fnrsvw] [-t vfstype] [-o options] device dir

EXAMPLES

DESCRIPTION

All files accessible in a Unix system are arranged in one big tree, the file hierarchy, rooted at /. These files can be spread out over several devices. The mount command serves to attach the file system found on some device to the big file tree. Conversely, the umount(8) command will detach it again.

The standard form of the mount command, is

mount -t type device dir

This tells the kernel to attach the file system found on device (which is of type type) at the directory dir. The previous contents (if any) and owner and mode of dir become invisible, and as long as this file system remains mounted, the pathname dir refers to the root of the file system on device

.

Three forms of invocation do not actually mount anything:

mount -h

prints a help message;

mount -V

prints a version string; and just

mount [-l] [-t type]

lists all mounted file systems (of type type). The option -l adds the (ext2, ext3 and XFS) labels in this listing. See below.

Since Linux 2.4.0 it is possible to remount part of the file hierarchy somewhere else. The call is

mount –bind olddir newdir

After this call the same contents is accessible in two places.

This call attaches only (part of) a single filesystem, not possible submounts. The entire file hierarchy including submounts is attached a second place using

mount –rbind olddir newdir

Since Linux 2.5.1 it is possible to atomically move a subtree to another place. The call is

mount –move olddir newdir

The proc file system is not associated with a special device, and when mounting it, an arbitrary keyword, such as proc can be used instead of a device specification. (The customary choice none is less fortunate: the error message `none busy’ from umount can be confusing.)

Most devices are indicated by a file name (of a block special device), like /dev/sda1, but there are other possibilities. For example, in the case of an NFS mount, device may look like knuth.cwi.nl:/dir. It is possible to indicate a block special device using its volume label or UUID (see the -L and -U options below).

The file /etc/fstab (see fstab(5)), may contain lines describing what devices are usually mounted where, using which options. This file is used in three ways:

(i) The command

mount -a [-t type] [-O optlist]

(usually given in a bootscript) causes all file systems mentioned in fstab (of the proper type and/or having or not having the proper options) to be mounted as indicated, except for those whose line contains the noauto keyword. Adding the -F option will make mount fork, so that the filesystems are mounted simultaneously.

(ii) When mounting a file system mentioned in fstab, it suffices to give only the device, or only the mount point.

(iii) Normally, only the superuser can mount file systems. However, when fstab contains the user option on a line, then anybody can mount the corresponding system.

Thus, given a line

/dev/cdrom /cd iso9660 ro,user,noauto,unhide

any user can mount the iso9660 file system found on his CDROM using the command

mount /dev/cdrom

or

mount /cd

For more details, see fstab(5). Only the user that mounted a filesystem can unmount it again. If any user should be able to unmount, then use users instead of user in the fstab line. The owner option is similar to the user option, with the restriction that the user must be the owner of the special file. This may be useful e.g. for /dev/fd if a login script makes the console user owner of this device.

The programs mount and umount maintain a list of currently mounted file systems in the file /etc/mtab. If no arguments are given to mount, this list is printed. When the proc filesystem is mounted (say at /proc), the files /etc/mtab and /proc/mounts have very similar contents. The former has somewhat more information, such as the mount options used, but is not necessarily up-to-date (cf. the -n option below). It is possible to replace /etc/mtab by a symbolic link to /proc/mounts, but some information is lost that way, and in particular working with the loop device will be less convenient.

OPTIONS

The full set of options used by an invocation of mount is determined by first extracting the options for the file system from the fstab table, then applying any options specified by the -o argument, and finally applying a -r or -w option, when present.

Options available for the mount command:

-V

Output version.

-h

Print a help message.

-v

Verbose mode.

-a

Mount all filesystems (of the given types) mentioned in fstab.

-F

(Used in conjunction with -a.) Fork off a new incarnation of mount for each device. This will do the mounts on different devices or different NFS servers in parallel. This has the advantage that it is faster; also NFS timeouts go in parallel. A disadvantage is that the mounts are done in undefined order. Thus, you cannot use this option if you want to mount both /usr and /usr/spool.

-f

Causes everything to be done except for the actual system call; if it’s not obvious, this “fakes” mounting the file system. This option is useful in conjunction with the -v flag to determine what the mount command is trying to do. It can also be used to add entries for devices that were mounted earlier with the -n option.

-l

Add the ext2, ext3 and XFS labels in the mount output. Mount must have permission to read the disk device (e.g. be suid root) for this to work. One can set such a label for ext2 or ext3 using the e2label(8) utility, or for XFS using xfs_admin(8).

-n

Mount without writing in /etc/mtab. This is necessary for example when /etc is on a read-only file system.

-s

Tolerate sloppy mount options rather than failing. This will ignore mount options not supported by a filesystem type. Not all filesystems support this option. This option exists for support of the Linux autofs-based automounter.

-r

Mount the file system read-only. A synonym is -o ro.

-w

Mount the file system read/write. This is the default. A synonym is -o rw.

-L label

Mount the partition that has the specified label.

-U uuid

Mount the partition that has the specified uuid. These two options require the file /proc/partitions (present since Linux 2.1.116) to exist.

-t vfstype

The argument following the -t is used to indicate the file system type. The file system types which are currently supported are: adfs, affs, autofs, coda, coherent, cramfs, devpts, efs, ext, ext2, ext3, hfs, hpfs, iso9660, jfs, minix, msdos, ncpfs, nfs, ntfs, proc, qnx4, ramfs, reiserfs, romfs, smbfs, sysv, tmpfs, udf, ufs, umsdos, vfat, xenix, xfs, xiafs. Note that coherent, sysv and xenix are equivalent and that xenix and coherent will be removed at some point in the future — use sysv instead. Since kernel version 2.1.21 the types ext and xiafs do not exist anymore.For most types all the mount program has to do is issue a simple mount(2) system call, and no detailed knowledge of the filesystem type is required. For a few types however (like nfs, smbfs, ncpfs) ad hoc code is necessary. The nfs ad hoc code is built in, but smbfs and ncpfs have a separate mount program. In order to make it possible to treat all types in a uniform way, mount will execute the program /sbin/mount.TYPE (if that exists) when called with type TYPE. Since various versions of the smbmount program have different calling conventions, /sbin/mount.smb may have to be a shell script that sets up the desired call.

The type iso9660 is the default. If no -t option is given, or if the auto type is specified, the superblock is probed for the filesystem type (adfs, bfs, cramfs, ext, ext2, ext3, hfs, hpfs, iso9660, jfs, minix, ntfs, qnx4, reiserfs, romfs, udf, ufs, vxfs, xfs, xiafs are supported). If this probe fails, mount will try to read the file /etc/filesystems, or, if that does not exist, /proc/filesystems. All of the filesystem types listed there will be tried, except for those that are labeled “nodev” (e.g., devpts, proc and nfs). If /etc/filesystems ends in a line with a single * only, mount will read /proc/filesystems afterwards.

The auto type may be useful for user-mounted floppies. Creating a file /etc/filesystems can be useful to change the probe order (e.g., to try vfat before msdos) or if you use a kernel module autoloader. Warning: the probing uses a heuristic (the presence of appropriate `magic’), and could recognize the wrong filesystem type, possibly with catastrophic consequences. If your data is valuable, don’t ask mount to guess.

More than one type may be specified in a comma separated list. The list of file system types can be prefixed with no to specify the file system types on which no action should be taken. (This can be meaningful with the -a option.)

For example, the command:

mount -a -t nomsdos,ext

mounts all file systems except those of type msdos and ext.

-O

Used in conjunction with -a, to limit the set of filesystems to which the -a is applied. Like -t in this regard except that it is useless except in the context of -a. For example, the command:

mount -a -O no_netdev

mounts all file systems except those which have the option _netdev specified in the options field in the /etc/fstab file.It is different from -t in that each option is matched exactly; a leading no at the beginning of one option does not negate the rest.

The -t and -O options are cumulative in effect; that is, the command

mount -a -t ext2 -O _netdev

mounts all ext2 filesystems with the _netdev option, not all filesystems that are either ext2 or have the _netdev option specified.

-o

Options are specified with a -o flag followed by a comma separated string of options. Some of these options are only useful when they appear in the /etc/fstab file. The following options apply to any file system that is being mounted (but not every file system actually honors them – e.g., the sync option today has effect only for ext2, ext3 and ufs):

async

All I/O to the file system should be done asynchronously.

atime

Update inode access time for each access. This is the default.

auto

Can be mounted with the -a option.

defaults

Use default options: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async.

dev

Interpret character or block special devices on the file system.

exec

Permit execution of binaries.

_netdev

The filesystem resides on a device that requires network access (used to prevent the system from attempting to mount these filesystems until the network has been enabled on the system).

noatime

Do not update inode access times on this file system (e.g, for faster access on the news spool to speed up news servers).

noauto

Can only be mounted explicitly (i.e., the -a option will not cause the file system to be mounted).

nodev

Do not interpret character or block special devices on the file system.

noexec

Do not allow execution of any binaries on the mounted file system. This option might be useful for a server that has file systems containing binaries for architectures other than its own.

nosuid

Do not allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect. (This seems safe, but is in fact rather unsafe if you have suidperl(1) installed.)

nouser

Forbid an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the file system. This is the default.

remount

Attempt to remount an already-mounted file system. This is commonly used to change the mount flags for a file system, especially to make a readonly file system writeable. It does not change device or mount point.

ro

Mount the file system read-only.

rw

Mount the file system read-write.

suid

Allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect.

sync

All I/O to the file system should be done synchronously.

dirsync

All directory updates within the file system should be done synchronously. This affects the following system calls: creat, link, unlink, symlink, mkdir, rmdir, mknod and rename.

user

Allow an ordinary user to mount the file system. The name of the mounting user is written to mtab so that he can unmount the file system again. This option implies the options noexec, nosuid, and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line user,exec,dev,suid).

users

Allow every user to mount and unmount the file system. This option implies the options noexec, nosuid, and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line users,exec,dev,suid).

–bind

Remount a subtree somewhere else (so that its contents are available in both places). See above.

–move

Move a subtree to some other place. See above.

FILESYSTEM SPECIFIC MOUNT OPTIONS

The following options apply only to certain file systems. We sort them by file system. They all follow the -o flag.

Mount options for adfs

uid=value and gid=value

Set the owner and group of the files in the file system (default: uid=gid=0).

ownmask=value and othmask=value

Set the permission mask for ADFS ‘owner’ permissions and ‘other’ permissions, respectively (default: 0700 and 0077, respectively). See also /usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/adfs.txt.

Mount options for affs

uid=value and gid=value

Set the owner and group of the root of the file system (default: uid=gid=0, but with option uid or gid without specified value, the uid and gid of the current process are taken).

setuid=value and setgid=value

Set the owner and group of all files.

mode=value

Set the mode of all files to value & 0777 disregarding the original permissions. Add search permission to directories that have read permission. The value is given in octal.

protect

Do not allow any changes to the protection bits on the file system.

usemp

Set uid and gid of the root of the file system to the uid and gid of the mount point upon the first sync or umount, and then clear this option. Strange…

verbose

Print an informational message for each successful mount.

prefix=string

Prefix used before volume name, when following a link.

volume=string

Prefix (of length at most 30) used before ‘/’ when following a symbolic link.

reserved=value

(Default: 2.) Number of unused blocks at the start of the device.

root=value

Give explicitly the location of the root block.

bs=value

Give blocksize. Allowed values are 512, 1024, 2048, 4096.

grpquota / noquota / quota / usrquota

These options are accepted but ignored. (However, quota utilities may react to such strings in /etc/fstab.)

Mount options for coherent

None.

Mount options for devpts

The devpts file system is a pseudo file system, traditionally mounted on /dev/pts. In order to acquire a pseudo terminal, a process opens /dev/ptmx; the number of the pseudo terminal is then made available to the process and the pseudo terminal slave can be accessed as /dev/pts/.

uid=value and gid=value

This sets the owner or the group of newly created PTYs to the specified values. When nothing is specified, they will be set to the UID and GID of the creating process. For example, if there is a tty group with GID 5, then gid=5 will cause newly created PTYs to belong to the tty group.

mode=value

Set the mode of newly created PTYs to the specified value. The default is 0600. A value of mode=620 and gid=5 makes “mesg y” the default on newly created PTYs.

Mount options for ext

None. Note that the `ext’ file system is obsolete. Don’t use it. Since Linux version 2.1.21 extfs is no longer part of the kernel source.

Mount options for ext2

The `ext2′ file system is the standard Linux file system. Due to a kernel bug, it may be mounted with random mount options (fixed in Linux 2.0.4).

bsddf / minixdf

Set the behaviour for the statfs system call. The minixdf behaviour is to return in the f_blocks field the total number of blocks of the file system, while the bsddf behaviour (which is the default) is to subtract the overhead blocks used by the ext2 file system and not available for file storage. Thus

% mount /k -o minixdf; df /k; umount /k
Filesystem   1024-blocks  Used Available Capacity Mounted on
/dev/sda6      2630655   86954  2412169      3%   /k
% mount /k -o bsddf; df /k; umount /k
Filesystem   1024-blocks  Used Available Capacity Mounted on
/dev/sda6      2543714      13  2412169      0%   /k

(Note that this example shows that one can add command line options to the options given in /etc/fstab.)

check / check=normal / check=strict

Set checking level. When at least one of these options is set (and check=normal is set by default) the inodes and blocks bitmaps are checked upon mount (which can take half a minute or so on a big disk, and is rather useless). With strict checking, block deallocation checks that the block to free is in the data zone.

check=none / nocheck

No checking is done. This is fast. Recent kernels do not have a check option anymore – checking with e2fsck(8) is more meaningful.

debug

Print debugging info upon each (re)mount.

errors=continue / errors=remount-ro / errors=panic

Define the behaviour when an error is encountered. (Either ignore errors and just mark the file system erroneous and continue, or remount the file system read-only, or panic and halt the system.) The default is set in the filesystem superblock, and can be changed using tune2fs(8).

grpid or bsdgroups / nogrpid or sysvgroups

These options define what group id a newly created file gets. When grpid is set, it takes the group id of the directory in which it is created; otherwise (the default) it takes the fsgid of the current process, unless the directory has the setgid bit set, in which case it takes the gid from the parent directory, and also gets the setgid bit set if it is a directory itself.

resgid=n and resuid=n

The ext2 file system reserves a certain percentage of the available space (by default 5%, see mke2fs(8) and tune2fs(8)). These options determine who can use the reserved blocks. (Roughly: whoever has the specified uid, or belongs to the specified group.)

sb=n

Instead of block 1, use block n as superblock. This could be useful when the filesystem has been damaged. (Earlier, copies of the superblock would be made every 8192 blocks: in block 1, 8193, 16385, … (and one got hundreds or even thousands of copies on a big filesystem). Since version 1.08, mke2fs has a -s (sparse superblock) option to reduce the number of backup superblocks, and since version 1.15 this is the default. Note that this may mean that ext2 filesystems created by a recent mke2fs cannot be mounted r/w under Linux 2.0.*.) The block number here uses 1k units. Thus, if you want to use logical block 32768 on a filesystem with 4k blocks, use “sb=131072”.

grpquota / noquota / quota / usrquota

These options are accepted but ignored.

nouid32

Disables 32-bit UIDs and GIDs. This is for interoperability with older kernels which only store and expect 16-bit values.

Mount options for ext3

The `ext3′ file system is version of the ext2 file system which has been enhanced with journalling. It supports the same options as ext2 as well as the following additions:

journal=update

Update the ext3 file system’s journal to the current format.

journal=inum

When a journal already exists, this option is ignored. Otherwise, it specifies the number of the inode which will represent the ext3 file system’s journal file; ext3 will create a new journal, overwriting the old contents of the file whose inode number is inum.

noload

Do not load the ext3 file system’s journal on mounting.

data=journal / data=ordered / data=writeback

Specifies the journalling mode for file data. Metadata is always journaled.

journal

All data is committed into the journal prior to being written into the main file system.

ordered

This is the default mode. All data is forced directly out to the main file system prior to its metadata being committed to the journal.

writeback

Data ordering is not preserved – data may be written into the main file system after its metadata has been committed to the journal. This is rumoured to be the highest-throughput option. It guarantees internal file system integrity, however it can allow old data to appear in files after a crash and journal recovery.

Mount options for fat

(Note: fat is not a separate filesystem, but a common part of the msdos, umsdos and vfat filesystems.)

blocksize=512 / blocksize=1024 / blocksize=2048

Set blocksize (default 512).

uid=value and gid=value

Set the owner and group of all files. (Default: the uid and gid of the current process.)

umask=value

Set the umask (the bitmask of the permissions that are not present). The default is the umask of the current process. The value is given in octal.

dmask=value

Set the umask applied to directories only. The default is the umask of the current process. The value is given in octal. Present since 2.5.43.

fmask=value

Set the umask applied to regular files only. The default is the umask of the current process. The value is given in octal. Present since 2.5.43.

check=value

Three different levels of pickyness can be chosen:

r[elaxed]

Upper and lower case are accepted and equivalent, long name parts are truncated (e.g. verylongname.foobar becomes verylong.foo), leading and embedded spaces are accepted in each name part (name and extension).

n[ormal]

Like “relaxed”, but many special characters (*, ?, <, spaces, etc.) are rejected. This is the default.

s[trict]

Like “normal”, but names may not contain long parts and special characters that are sometimes used on Linux, but are not accepted by MS-DOS are rejected. (+, =, spaces, etc.)

codepage=value

Sets the codepage for converting to shortname characters on FAT and VFAT filesystems. By default, codepage 437 is used.

conv=b[inary] / conv=t[ext] / conv=a[uto]

The fat file system can perform CRLF<–>NL (MS-DOS text format to UNIX text format) conversion in the kernel. The following conversion modes are available:

binary

no translation is performed. This is the default.

text

CRLF<–>NL translation is performed on all files.

auto

CRLF<–>NL translation is performed on all files that don’t have a “well-known binary” extension. The list of known extensions can be found at the beginning of fs/fat/misc.c (as of 2.0, the list is: exe, com, bin, app, sys, drv, ovl, ovr, obj, lib, dll, pif, arc, zip, lha, lzh, zoo, tar, z, arj, tz, taz, tzp, tpz, gz, tgz, deb, gif, bmp, tif, gl, jpg, pcx, tfm, vf, gf, pk, pxl, dvi).

Programs that do computed lseeks won’t like in-kernel text conversion. Several people have had their data ruined by this translation. Beware!

For file systems mounted in binary mode, a conversion tool (fromdos/todos) is available.

cvf_format=module

Forces the driver to use the CVF (Compressed Volume File) module cvf_module instead of auto-detection. If the kernel supports kmod, the cvf_format=xxx option also controls on-demand CVF module loading.

cvf_option=option

Option passed to the CVF module.

debug

Turn on the debug flag. A version string and a list of file system parameters will be printed (these data are also printed if the parameters appear to be inconsistent).

fat=12 / fat=16 / fat=32

Specify a 12, 16 or 32 bit fat. This overrides the automatic FAT type detection routine. Use with caution!

iocharset=value

Character set to use for converting between 8 bit characters and 16 bit Unicode characters. The default is iso8859-1. Long filenames are stored on disk in Unicode format.

quiet

Turn on the quiet flag. Attempts to chown or chmod files do not return errors, although they fail. Use with caution!

sys_immutable, showexec, dots, nodots, dotsOK=[yes|no]

Various misguided attempts to force Unix or DOS conventions onto a FAT file system.

Mount options for hpfs

uid=value and gid=value

Set the owner and group of all files. (Default: the uid and gid of the current process.)

umask=value

Set the umask (the bitmask of the permissions that are not present). The default is the umask of the current process. The value is given in octal.

case=lower / case=asis

Convert all files names to lower case, or leave them. (Default: case=lower.)

conv=binary / conv=text / conv=auto

For conv=text, delete some random CRs (in particular, all followed by NL) when reading a file. For conv=auto, choose more or less at random between conv=binary and conv=text. For conv=binary, just read what is in the file. This is the default.

nocheck

Do not abort mounting when certain consistency checks fail.

Mount options for iso9660

ISO 9660 is a standard describing a filesystem structure to be used on CD-ROMs. (This filesystem type is also seen on some DVDs. See also the udf filesystem.)

Normal iso9660 filenames appear in a 8.3 format (i.e., DOS-like restrictions on filename length), and in addition all characters are in upper case. Also there is no field for file ownership, protection, number of links, provision for block/character devices, etc.

Rock Ridge is an extension to iso9660 that provides all of these unix like features. Basically there are extensions to each directory record that supply all of the additional information, and when Rock Ridge is in use, the filesystem is indistinguishable from a normal UNIX file system (except that it is read-only, of course).

norock

Disable the use of Rock Ridge extensions, even if available. Cf. map.

nojoliet

Disable the use of Microsoft Joliet extensions, even if available. Cf. map.

check=r[elaxed] / check=s[trict]

With check=relaxed, a filename is first converted to lower case before doing the lookup. This is probably only meaningful together with norock and map=normal. (Default: check=strict.)

uid=value and gid=value

Give all files in the file system the indicated user or group id, possibly overriding the information found in the Rock Ridge extensions. (Default: uid=0,gid=0.)

map=n[ormal] / map=o[ff] / map=a[corn]

For non-Rock Ridge volumes, normal name translation maps upper to lower case ASCII, drops a trailing `;1′, and converts `;’ to `.’. With map=off no name translation is done. See norock. (Default: map=normal.) map=acorn is like map=normal but also apply Acorn extensions if present.

mode=value

For non-Rock Ridge volumes, give all files the indicated mode. (Default: read permission for everybody.) Since Linux 2.1.37 one no longer needs to specify the mode in decimal. (Octal is indicated by a leading 0.)

unhide

Also show hidden and associated files.

block=[512|1024|2048]

Set the block size to the indicated value. (Default: block=1024.)

conv=a[uto] / conv=b[inary] / conv=m[text] / conv=t[ext]

(Default: conv=binary.) Since Linux 1.3.54 this option has no effect anymore. (And non-binary settings used to be very dangerous, possibly leading to silent data corruption.)

cruft

If the high byte of the file length contains other garbage, set this mount option to ignore the high order bits of the file length. This implies that a file cannot be larger than 16MB. The `cruft’ option is set automatically if the entire CDROM has a weird size (negative, or more than 800MB). It is also set when volume sequence numbers other than 0 or 1 are seen.

session=x

Select number of session on multisession CD. (Since 2.3.4.)

sbsector=xxx

Session begins from sector xxx. (Since 2.3.4.)

Mount options for minix

None.

Mount options for msdos

See mount options for fat. If the msdos file system detects an inconsistency, it reports an error and sets the file system read-only. The file system can be made writeable again by remounting it.

Mount options for ncp

Just like nfs, the ncp implementation expects a binary argument (a struct ncp_mount_data) to the mount system call. This argument is constructed by ncpmount(8) and the current version of mount (2.6h) does not know anything about ncp.

Mount options for nfs

Instead of a textual option string, parsed by the kernel, the nfs file system expects a binary argument of type struct nfs_mount_data. The program mount itself parses the following options of the form `tag=value’, and puts them in the structure mentioned: rsize=n, wsize=n, timeo=n, retrans=n, acregmin=n, acregmax=n, acdirmin=n, acdirmax=n, actimeo=n, retry=n, port=n, mountport=n, mounthost=name, mountprog=n, mountvers=n, nfsprog=n, nfsvers=n, namlen=n. The option addr=n is accepted but ignored. Also the following Boolean options, possibly preceded by no are recognized: bg, fg, soft, hard, intr, posix, cto, ac, tcp, udp, lock. For details, see nfs(5).

Especially useful options include

rsize=8192,wsize=8192

This will make your nfs connection faster than with the default buffer size of 4096. (NFSv2 does not work with larger values of rsize and wsize.)

hard

The program accessing a file on a NFS mounted file system will hang when the server crashes. The process cannot be interrupted or killed unless you also specify intr. When the NFS server is back online the program will continue undisturbed from where it was. This is probably what you want.

soft

This option allows the kernel to time out if the nfs server is not responding for some time. The time can be specified with timeo=time. This option might be useful if your nfs server sometimes doesn’t respond or will be rebooted while some process tries to get a file from the server. Usually it just causes lots of trouble.

nolock

Do not use locking. Do not start lockd.

Mount options for ntfs

iocharset=name

Character set to use when returning file names. Unlike VFAT, NTFS suppresses names that contain unconvertible characters.

utf8

Use UTF-8 for converting file names.

uni_xlate=[0|1|2]

For 0 (or `no’ or `false’), do not use escape sequences for unknown Unicode characters. For 1 (or `yes’ or `true’) or 2, use vfat-style 4-byte escape sequences starting with “:”. Here 2 give a little-endian encoding and 1 a byteswapped bigendian encoding.

posix=[0|1]

If enabled (posix=1), the file system distinguishes between upper and lower case. The 8.3 alias names are presented as hard links instead of being suppressed.

uid=value, gid=value and umask=value

Set the file permission on the filesystem. The umask value is given in octal. By default, the files are owned by root and not readable by somebody else.

Mount options for proc

uid=value and gid=value

These options are recognized, but have no effect as far as I can see.

Mount options for ramfs

Ramfs is a memory based filesystem. Mount it and you have it. Unmount it and it is gone. Present since Linux 2.3.99pre4. There are no mount options.

Mount options for reiserfs

Reiserfs is a journaling filesystem. The reiserfs mount options are more fully described at http://www.namesys.com/mount-options.html.

conv

Instructs version 3.6 reiserfs software to mount a version 3.5 file system, using the 3.6 format for newly created objects. This file system will no longer be compatible with reiserfs 3.5 tools.

hash=rupasov / hash=tea / hash=r5 / hash=detect

Choose which hash function reiserfs will use to find files within directories.

rupasov

A hash invented by Yury Yu. Rupasov. It is fast and preserves locality, mapping lexicographically close file names to close hash values. This option should not be used, as it causes a high probability of hash collisions.

tea

A Davis-Meyer function implemented by Jeremy Fitzhardinge. It uses hash permuting bits in the name. It gets high randomness and, therefore, low probability of hash collisions at come CPU cost. This may be used if EHASHCOLLISION errors are experienced with the r5 hash.

r5

A modified version of the rupasov hash. It is used by default and is the best choice unless the file system has huge directories and unusual file-name patterns.

detect

Instructs mount to detect which hash function is in use by examining the file system being mounted, and to write this information into the reiserfs superblock. This is only useful on the first mount of an old format file system.

hashed_relocation

Tunes the block allocator. This may provide performance improvements in some situations.

no_unhashed_relocation

Tunes the block allocator. This may provide performance improvements in some situations.

noborder

Disable the border allocator algorithm invented by Yury Yu. Rupasov. This may provide performance improvements in some situations.

nolog

Disable journalling. This will provide slight performance improvements in some situations at the cost of losing reiserfs’s fast recovery from crashes. Even with this option turned on, reiserfs still performs all journalling operations, save for actual writes into its journalling area. Implementation of nolog is a work in progress.

notail

By default, reiserfs stores small files and `file tails’ directly into its tree. This confuses some utilities such as LILO(8). This option is used to disable packing of files into the tree.

replayonly

Replay the transactions which are in the journal, but do not actually mount the file system. Mainly used by reiserfsck.

resize=number

A remount option which permits online expansion of reiserfs partitions. Instructs reiserfs to assume that the device has number blocks. This option is designed for use with devices which are under logical volume management (LVM). There is a special resizer utility which can be obtained from ftp://ftp.namesys.com/pub/reiserfsprogs.

Mount options for romfs

None.

Mount options for smbfs

Just like nfs, the smb implementation expects a binary argument (a struct smb_mount_data) to the mount system call. This argument is constructed by smbmount(8) and the current version of mount (2.9w) does not know anything about smb.

Mount options for sysv

None.

Mount options for tmpfs

The following parameters accept a suffix k, m or g for Ki, Mi, Gi (binary kilo, mega and giga) and can be changed on remount.

size=nbytes

Override default size of the filesystem. The size is given in bytes, and rounded down to entire pages. The default is half of the memory.

nr_blocks=

Set number of blocks.

nr_inodes=

Set number of inodes.

mode=

Set initial permissions of the root directory.

Mount options for udf

udf is the “Universal Disk Format” filesystem defined by the Optical Storage Technology Association, and is often used for DVD-ROM. See also iso9660.

gid=

Set the default group.

umask=

Set the default umask. The value is given in octal.

uid=

Set the default user.

unhide

Show otherwise hidden files.

undelete

Show deleted files in lists.

strict

Set strict conformance (unused).

utf8

(unused).

iocharset

(unused).

bs=

Set the block size. (May not work unless 2048.)

novrs

Skip volume sequence recognition.

session=

Set the CDROM session counting from 0. Default: last session.

anchor=

Override standard anchor location. Default: 256.

volume=

Override the VolumeDesc location. (unused)

partition=

Override the PartitionDesc location. (unused)

lastblock=

Set the last block of the filesystem.

fileset=

Override the fileset block location. (unused)

rootdir=

Override the root directory location. (unused)

Mount options for ufs

ufstype=value

UFS is a file system widely used in different operating systems. The problem are differences among implementations. Features of some implementations are undocumented, so its hard to recognize the type of ufs automatically. That’s why the user must specify the type of ufs by mount option. Possible values are:

old

Old format of ufs, this is the default, read only. (Don’t forget to give the -r option.)

44bsd

For filesystems created by a BSD-like system (NetBSD,FreeBSD,OpenBSD).

sun

For filesystems created by SunOS or Solaris on Sparc.

sunx86

For filesystems created by Solaris on x86.

nextstep

For filesystems created by NeXTStep (on NeXT station) (currently read only).

nextstep-cd

For NextStep CDROMs (block_size == 2048), read-only.

openstep

For filesystems created by OpenStep (currently read only). The same filesystem type is also used by Mac OS X.

onerror=value

Set behaviour on error:

panic

If an error is encountered, cause a kernel panic.

[lock|umount|repair]

These mount options don’t do anything at present; when an error is encountered only a console message is printed.

Mount options for umsdos

See mount options for msdos. The dotsOK option is explicitly killed by umsdos

.

Mount options for vfat

First of all, the mount options for fat are recognized. The dotsOK option is explicitly killed by vfat. Furthermore, there are

uni_xlate

Translate unhandled Unicode characters to special escaped sequences. This lets you backup and restore filenames that are created with any Unicode characters. Without this option, a ‘?’ is used when no translation is possible. The escape character is ‘:’ because it is otherwise illegal on the vfat filesystem. The escape sequence that gets used, where u is the unicode character, is: ‘:’, (u & 0x3f), ((u>>6) & 0x3f), (u>>12).

posix

Allow two files with names that only differ in case.

nonumtail

First try to make a short name without sequence number, before trying name~num.ext.

utf8

UTF8 is the filesystem safe 8-bit encoding of Unicode that is used by the console. It can be be enabled for the filesystem with this option. If `uni_xlate’ gets set, UTF8 gets disabled.

shortname=[lower|win95|winnt|mixed]

Defines the behaviour for creation and display of filenames which fit into 8.3 characters. If a long name for a file exists, it will always be preferred display. There are four modes:

lower

Force the short name to lower case upon display; store a long name when the short name is not all upper case.

win95

Force the short name to upper case upon display; store a long name when the short name is not all upper case.

winnt

Display the shortname as is; store a long name when the short name is not all lower case or all upper case.

mixed

Display the short name as is; store a long name when the short name is not all upper case.

The default is “lower”.

Mount options for xenix

None.

Mount options for xfs

biosize=size

Sets the preferred buffered I/O size (default size is 64K). size must be expressed as the logarithm (base2) of the desired I/O size. Valid values for this option are 14 through 16, inclusive (i.e. 16K, 32K, and 64K bytes). On machines with a 4K pagesize, 13 (8K bytes) is also a valid size. The preferred buffered I/O size can also be altered on an individual file basis using the ioctl(2) system call.

dmapi / xdsm

Enable the DMAPI (Data Management API) event callouts.

logbufs=value

Set the number of in-memory log buffers. Valid numbers range from 2-8 inclusive. The default value is 8 buffers for filesystems with a blocksize of 64K, 4 buffers for filesystems with a blocksize of 32K, 3 buffers for filesystems with a blocksize of 16K, and 2 buffers for all other configurations. Increasing the number of buffers may increase performance on some workloads at the cost of the memory used for the additional log buffers and their associated control structures.

logbsize=value

Set the size of each in-memory log buffer. Valid sizes are 16384 (16K) and 32768 (32K). The default value for machines with more than 32MB of memory is 32768, machines with less memory use 16384 by default.

logdev=device and rtdev=device

Use an external log (metadata journal) and/or real-time device. An XFS filesystem has up to three parts: a data section, a log section, and a real-time section. The real-time section is optional, and the log section can be separate from the data section or contained within it. Refer to xfs(5).

noalign

Data allocations will not be aligned at stripe unit boundaries.

noatime

Access timestamps are not updated when a file is read.

norecovery

The filesystem will be mounted without running log recovery. If the filesystem was not cleanly unmounted, it is likely to be inconsistent when mounted in norecovery mode. Some files or directories may not be accessible because of this. Filesystems mounted norecovery must be mounted read-only or the mount will fail.

osyncisdsync

Make writes to files opened with the O_SYNC flag set behave as if the O_DSYNC flag had been used instead. This can result in better performance without compromising data safety. However if this option is in effect, timestamp updates from O_SYNC writes can be lost if the system crashes.

quota / usrquota / uqnoenforce

User disk quota accounting enabled, and limits (optionally) enforced.

grpquota / gqnoenforce

Group disk quota accounting enabled and limits (optionally) enforced.

sunit=value and swidth=value

Used to specify the stripe unit and width for a RAID device or a stripe volume. value must be specified in 512-byte block units. If this option is not specified and the filesystem was made on a stripe volume or the stripe width or unit were specified for the RAID device at mkfs time, then the mount system call will restore the value from the superblock. For filesystems that are made directly on RAID devices, these options can be used to override the information in the superblock if the underlying disk layout changes after the filesystem has been created. The swidth option is required if the sunit option has been specified, and must be a multiple of the sunit value.

Mount options for xiafs

None. Although nothing is wrong with xiafs, it is not used much, and is not maintained. Probably one shouldn’t use it. Since Linux version 2.1.21 xiafs is no longer part of the kernel source.

THE LOOP DEVICE

One further possible type is a mount via the loop device. For example, the command

  mount /tmp/fdimage /mnt -t msdos -o loop=/dev/loop3,blocksize=1024

will set up the loop device /dev/loop3 to correspond to the file /tmp/fdimage, and then mount this device on /mnt. This type of mount knows about three options, namely loop, offset and encryption, that are really options to losetup(8). If no explicit loop device is mentioned (but just an option `-o loop‘ is given), then mount will try to find some unused loop device and use that. If you are not so unwise as to make /etc/mtab a symbolic link to /proc/mounts then any loop device allocated by mount will be freed by umount. You can also free a loop device by hand, using `losetup -d’, see losetup(8).

RETURN CODES

mount has the following return codes (the bits can be ORed):

0

success

1

incorrect invocation or permissions

2

system error (out of memory, cannot fork, no more loop devices)

4

internal mount bug or missing nfs support in mount

8

user interrupt

16

problems writing or locking /etc/mtab

32

mount failure

64

some mount succeeded

SEE ALSO